The Inner West Mushrooms SGFC Guide

Welcome to the Inner West Mushrooms guide on constructing an SGFC using a simple plastic storage tub. You’re in the right place if you’re eager to grow mushrooms and achieve bountiful yields. I will guide you through building an efficient and cost-effective fruiting chamber that promotes healthy mushroom growth. SGFCs are an excellent low-cost method for experimenting with different mushroom varieties and technologies. It’s how I got started in urban mushroom farming.

Understanding the SGFC

Before diving into the construction, let’s explore the concept of the Shotgun Fruiting Chamber (SGFC). Developed by the mushroom cultivation community, the SGFC design uses low-tech ventilation and humidity control to create an ideal microclimate for mushroom fruiting.

A Shotgun Fruiting Chamber (SGFC) is a versatile tool in mushroom cultivation, offering numerous benefits and applications. Here are some uses for an SGFC:

• Growing Gourmet Mushrooms: Gourmet mushrooms like Oysters (Pleurotus ostreatus) thrive in SGFCs. Consistent humidity and airflow support these delectable edible mushrooms’ vigorous growth and yield.
• Functional Mushroom Cultivation: Medicinal mushrooms like Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) and Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) benefit from the controlled conditions of an SGFC. This allows cultivators to produce high-quality medicinal extracts.
• Exotic Mushroom Species: SGFCs are adaptable to various mushroom species, including exotic ones like Shiitake (Lentinula edodes), Maitake (Grifola frondosa), and Enoki (Flammulina velutipes).
• Cultivation in Limited Spaces: SGFCs are perfect for urban gardeners or those with limited outdoor space. They can be set up indoors, such as in a spare room or a basement, making mushroom cultivation accessible to many.
• Educational Purposes: SGFCs are valuable tools in educational settings, such as schools or workshops, where students can learn about mushroom cultivation and witness the fascinating fruiting process.
• Research and Experimentation: Researchers and scientists use SGFCs for controlled experiments and studies on various mushroom species. The chamber provides a stable environment for consistent data collection.
• Cultivating Psilocybin Mushrooms: SGFCs are commonly used to grow psilocybin mushrooms, such as Psilocybe cubensis. The controlled environment and proper ventilation the SGFC provides create an ideal microclimate for these psychedelic fungi to flourish.
• Home Mushroom Cultivation: Last but not least, SGFCs are excellent for home mushroom growers who want to explore the world of fungi and produce fresh and nutritious mushrooms for personal consumption.

The versatility of SGFCs makes them a favourite among mushroom enthusiasts. They enable successful cultivation across different mushroom species and cultivation purposes. Whether growing for culinary delights, medicinal benefits, or simply the joy of cultivating nature’s wonders, the SGFC is an invaluable tool for a fruitful and satisfying mushroom farming journey.

Planning Your Fruiting Chamber

Proper planning is essential to build a successful SGFC. Here’s what you need to consider:

Ideal Mushroom Species for SGFC

While the SGFC is versatile and suitable for many mushroom species, certain types thrive particularly well in this setup. Popular species include:

• Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushrooms): A fast-growing and versatile species in various colours and flavours.
• Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane): An exotic and highly valued species known for its culinary and potential medicinal properties.
• Psilocybe cubensis is a well-known psychedelic and therapeutic community species known for its potent psychedelic compounds.

Choosing the Location

Selecting the right location for your SGFC is crucial for its success. Consider the following factors:

• Lighting: Place the fruiting chamber in a well-lit room, but avoid direct sunlight, which can harm the mushrooms. Contrary to popular opinion, mushrooms do not fruit in the dark.
• Temperature: Aim for a consistent temperature range of 21°C to 24°C (70°F to 75°F) for most mushroom species. If the ambient temperature of your space is lower or higher, look for species of oyster mushrooms that are more tolerant to extreme heat and cold.
• Ventilation: Ensure proper air circulation to lower Co2 levels, a by-product of the mushroom’s growth. This can be achieved manually through fanning or automated through a computer fan and Co3 controller.

Materials and Equipment

Before you start building your SGFC, gather all the necessary materials and equipment. Your local big bran hardware store should have all the materials you will need:

Materials:

• Plastic Storage Tub: Choose a transparent or translucent tub with a lid. A 50-litre tub is a popular choice for beginners.
• Perlite: To create a humidity-retaining layer at the bottom of the tub of about 5–10 centimetres. Ten litres of perlite should fit the bill.
• Hygrometer: This is essential for accurately monitoring humidity levels within the fruiting chamber. I use a hygrometer with Bluetooth that allows me to set alerts when the temperature or humidity drops below or exceeds preset thresholds for the species I’m growing. I also use the data from the app to chart the progress of the mushroom I’m growing.
• Seedling pots or something similar elevate your tub to ensure adequate ventilation beneath the SGFC.

Equipment:

• Isopropyl and paper towels are used to sanitise the tub.
• Sharpie and ruler to mark out the holes on the tub.
• Drill with a 6.35mm (1/4-inch) Drill Bit: To create tub ventilation holes. I use an electric drill as you need to drill many holes; battery-powered drills don’t cut it. I found that an electric drill is less likely to crack the plastic of the tub.

Step-by-Step Construction Guide

Now, let’s roll up our sleeves and start building your SGFC:

Step 1: Prepare the Tub

• Thoroughly clean the plastic storage tub and lid to create a sterile environment for your mushrooms.
• Isopropyl alcohol which kills germs on the skin and evaporates quickly to clean my tubs.

Step 2: Mark Holes

• Mark holes on the tub spaced every 5cm (2 inches) with a Sharpie and ruler.

Step 3: Drill Ventilation Holes

• Drill evenly-spaced holes, 5cm apart (2 inches), on all four sides of the tub using the 6.35mm (1/4-inch) drill bit. This ensures proper air circulation and ventilation.
• Let the drill do the work using a high speed, don’t press too hard, or the plastic will crack.

Step 3: Prepare the Perlite Bed

• Moisten the perlite with water in a bucket for half an hour, and wear a P2 mask to avoid breathing the dry perlite dust.
• Fill the bottom of the tub with a layer of perlite about 5–10cm (2–4 inches) deep.

Step 4: Elevate the SGFC

• Raising your SGFC at least 5cm (2 inches) will ensure adequate circulation under your tub.
• Use seedling pots, wide-mouth jars, shot glasses, soup cans, large toy blocks or pieces of PVC pipe cut to size to elevate your SGFC.

Step 5: Place the Mushroom Substrate in the SFGC

• Place a colonised block of substrate or grow kit block in the SGFC.

Step 6: Monitor Humidity and Temperature Levels

• Set alerts on your hygrometer for your species’ optimal temperature and humidity levels.
• Aim for an optimal humidity level of around 90% — 95% for pinning and then lower for fruiting, 75–85% for most Oyster mushrooms.
• Place a hygrometer inside the fruiting chamber to monitor humidity levels accurately.

Hygiene and Sanitation

Maintaining a clean and sterile fruiting chamber is essential to prevent contamination and ensure a healthy mushroom crop:

• Regularly clean the chamber before and after each use to eliminate any potential sources of contamination.
• Use appropriate disinfectants such as isopropyl alcohol to sanitise all surfaces and equipment in the cultivation process.
• Perlite can be reused after rinsing in filtered water.

Humidity, Co2 and Temperature Control

Maintaining the proper humidity and temperature levels is crucial for successful mushroom fruiting:

Adjust humidity levels with periodic misting or using a humidifier to create the ideal environment for mushroom growth. Spray the walls of the SGFC with a plastic spray bottle used for indoor plants 2–3 times a day or as required. Use filtered water and unchlorinated where possible. Do not spray the substrate or grow mushrooms directly to avoid contamination.

At the same time as you mist the SGFC with your spray bottle, fan the SGFC with the lid for about 30 seconds to reduce any buildup of Co2, which is detrimental to mushroom growth. Do this at least 2–3 times a day.

Further Options for Humidity Control

There are several options for humidifying a Shotgun Fruiting Chamber (SGFC). Maintaining proper humidity levels is crucial for successful mushroom fruiting, and using a humidifier can help automate and regulate this process. Here are some options for an SGFC humidifier:

• Ultrasonic Humidifier: An ultrasonic humidifier is a popular choice for SGFCs. It uses high-frequency vibrations to create a fine mist that increases humidity within the chamber. These humidifiers are usually compact, easy to use, and provide consistent humidity control.
• Misting System: A misting system can be set up with an automatic timer to mist the SGFC at regular intervals. This system releases a fine water spray, maintaining the desired humidity levels without constant manual misting.
• Fogger: A fogger releases a dense fog or mist into the fruiting chamber, ensuring uniform humidity distribution. Foggers are efficient for larger SGFC setups and are often used in commercial mushroom cultivation.
• Cool Mist Humidifier: A cool mist humidifier emits room-temperature mist, helping to regulate the SGFC’s humidity without raising the temperature inside the chamber.
• Humidifier with a Humidistat: Some humidifiers come with built-in humidistats that measure humidity levels and automatically adjust the output to maintain the desired humidity range.
• Hygrostat Controlled Humidifier: A hygrostat-controlled humidifier operates based on a hygrostat’s readings, which measure humidity levels. When the humidity drops below the set point, the humidifier activates to raise the humidity.
• Wick Humidifier: Wick humidifiers use a wick or filter to absorb water and release moisture. They are cost-effective and straightforward devices to help humidify the SGFC.
• DIY Humidifier: For those who prefer a DIY approach, creating a simple humidifier with a water container, air stone, and air pump is possible. The air pump pushes air through the air stone, creating bubbles that release moisture into the chamber.

When choosing a humidifier for your SGFC, consider factors like the size of the fruiting chamber, the required humidity levels for your mushroom species, and your budget. Additionally, ensure that the humidifier you select is compatible with the SGFC’s design and is safe for use with the materials and substrates used in the chamber. By maintaining proper humidity levels, your mushrooms will thrive, leading to healthy and abundant yields.

Further Options for Co2 Control

In a Shotgun Fruiting Chamber (SGFC), adding a fan can help regulate airflow, improve ventilation, ensure even distribution of fresh air and reduce Co2 levels. Here are several options for an SGFC fan:

• Battery-Powered Clip-On Fan: A battery-operated clip-on fan is convenient and portable. It can be easily attached to the side of the SGFC, providing gentle airflow to promote air exchange without disturbing the mushrooms.
• USB-Powered Fan: USB-powered fans are lightweight and energy-efficient. They can be powered by a USB power bank or a wall adapter with a USB port. Place the fan near the SGFC to maintain steady airflow.
• Computer Cooling Fan: Computer cooling fans are available in various sizes. These fans can be modified or attached to the SGFC to improve air circulation.
• Inline Duct Fan: An inline duct fan, commonly used in ventilation systems, can be adapted for use in an SGFC. Place the fan in the air intake or exhaust holes to regulate airflow effectively.
• Tower Fan: Tower fans provide a broader airflow and are suitable for larger SGFC setups. Position the tower fan at a distance from the SGFC to avoid direct airflow onto the mushrooms.
• Multi-Speed Fan: Opt for a fan with adjustable speed settings. This allows you to fine-tune the airflow according to the specific needs of your mushroom species and environmental conditions.
• Timer-Controlled Fan: A fan with a timer function allows you to set specific intervals for the fan to operate. This ensures controlled and consistent airflow without the need for constant monitoring.
• Solar-Powered Fan: A solar-powered fan can be eco-friendly if your SGFC is outdoors or receives ample sunlight. It operates using solar panels, saving energy and reducing operating costs.

When selecting an SGFC fan, consider the size and airflow capacity to match the dimensions of your fruiting chamber. Additionally, ensure the fan is placed strategically to promote proper air circulation without causing direct airflow onto the mushrooms, which may lead to drying or stress.

Remember that the fan’s purpose in an SGFC is to facilitate gentle and consistent airflow, not to create strong winds. Proper ventilation is essential for preventing carbon dioxide buildup and encouraging healthy mushroom growth, ultimately leading to successful yields.

Lighting Solutions

Proper lighting is vital for triggering fruiting in mushrooms:

• Position the fruiting chamber in a well-lit room, but avoid direct sunlight, which can harm the mushrooms and disrupt their growth.
• Consider using indirect, low-intensity lighting, such as LED lights, to provide the right amount of light without stressing the mushrooms.

Automating Your Fruiting Chamber (Optional)

An SGFC can be left unattended for up to 12 hours. If you are looking to take the next step of convenience and precision, consider adding optional components for automation:

• Humidifier and humidity controller: Attach a small humidifier to maintain consistent humidity levels within the fruiting chamber, reducing the need for frequent misting. Use a humidity controller to regulate the usage of the humidifier.
• Fan and Co2 controller: Install a computer fan to regulate airflow and ensure uniform conditions inside the chamber, including optimal Co2 levels, promoting even growth and development of the mushrooms. Use a Co2 controller to regulate the usage of the fan.

Troubleshooting and Common Issues

Even with a well-designed fruiting chamber, challenges may arise. Here are some common issues and how to address them:

Uneven Growth

• Problem: Ensure proper air circulation within the fruiting chamber to avoid uneven growth patterns.
• Solution: Adjust the positioning of your mushrooms, or consider using a fan to promote the even distribution of fresh air and prevent stagnant pockets within the chamber.

Low Humidity

• Problem: If the humidity levels are consistently low, increase the misting frequency or use a humidifier to maintain the desired humidity level.
• Solution: Ensure the perlite layer at the bottom of the chamber is adequately moist to retain humidity effectively.

Mould Contamination

• Problem: Mould is common in humid environments like an SGFC.
• Solution: To prevent mould, maintain proper sanitation practices, avoid overcrowding, and remove any contaminated mushrooms immediately.

Uneven Pinning

• Problem: Uneven pinning refers to mushrooms forming in clusters or unevenly across the substrate. Inconsistent environmental conditions, such as fluctuating humidity or poor air circulation, can cause this.
• Ensure even misting and fanning to promote uniform pin development.

Slow or Stalled Growth

• Problem: Slow or stalled mushroom growth may result from several factors, including low humidity, improper substrate hydration, or insufficient fresh air exchange.
• Solution: Review your environmental conditions and adjust as necessary.

Overwatering:

• Problem: Excessive misting or high humidity levels can lead to overwatering, which can suffocate the mycelium or cause mushroom caps to become waterlogged.
• Monitor and adjust misting frequency accordingly.

Underwatering

• Problem: Inadequate misting or low humidity levels can lead to underwatering, resulting in dry and stunted mushroom growth.
• Solution: Ensure proper misting and humidity maintenance to prevent this issue.

Contaminants in Substrate

• Problem: Contaminated substrate can introduce unwanted organisms that compete with the mushrooms.
• Solution: Use pasteurised or sterilised substrate materials and maintain strict hygiene practices during preparation.

Excessive Heat

• Problem: High temperatures inside the SGFC can lead to heat stress, slowing down mushroom growth or even causing them to abort.
• Solution: Place the SGFC in a cool, well-ventilated area to prevent overheating.

Insufficient Fresh Air Exchange

• Problem: If the SGFC lacks proper ventilation, CO2 levels can rise, hindering mushroom growth.
• Solution: Regular fanning and adequate ventilation will help maintain a suitable CO2 concentration.

Premature Veil Break

• Problem: Premature veil break occurs when mushrooms open their caps too early, leading to spore dispersal and a shorter harvest window.
• Maintain appropriate humidity and avoid sudden environmental changes to prevent this issue.

Aborted Fruiting Bodies:

• Problem: Aborted fruiting bodies are mushrooms that stop developing and fail to mature fully.
• Solution: This can occur due to various stress factors, such as changes in environmental conditions or insufficient nutrition.

Low Yields:

• Problem: Low yields can result from a combination of factors, including improper substrate preparation, insufficient humidity, and inadequate fresh air exchange.
• Solution: Review all aspects of your cultivation process to identify areas for improvement.

Best Practices

Learning from successful mushroom growers can provide valuable insights and improve your SGFC cultivation experience. Some best practices to follow include:

• Patience and Observation: Monitor your mushrooms closely throughout their growth stages and adjust environmental conditions accordingly.
• Harvest at the Right Time: Harvest mushrooms at their prime to enjoy the best flavour and potency.
• Consistent Misting Schedule: Successful growers emphasise the importance of maintaining a consistent misting schedule. Regular misting, especially during the pinning and fruiting stages, ensures proper hydration and contributes to healthier and more abundant mushroom yields.
• Temperature Management: Keeping the SGFC in an environment with stable temperatures is crucial for successful mushroom growth. Maintaining a temperature range suitable for the cultivated mushroom species helps promote optimal mycelium colonisation and fruiting.
• Attention to Hygiene: Practicing strict hygiene throughout the cultivation process is vital to prevent contamination. From sterilising tools and containers to ensuring clean working surfaces, maintaining a sterile environment minimises the risk of contamination and increases overall success rates.
• Monitoring Relative Humidity: Monitoring relative humidity using a hygrometer allows growers to adjust misting and ventilation to keep the moisture within the ideal range. This close monitoring ensures a suitable microclimate for the mushrooms to thrive.
• Selecting Suitable Mushroom Species: Higher success rates result from choosing mushroom species well-suited for the SGFC setup and your environmental conditions. Research the requirements and growth habits of different mushroom species to make informed decisions.
• Using High-Quality Substrate: Preparing and using high-quality substrate materials is crucial for successful mushroom cultivation. Properly pasteurised or sterilised substrates create an environment conducive to healthy mycelium growth and robust fruiting.
• Gradual Fruiting Chamber Expansion: Gradually scaling up your SGFC setup allows for a more manageable transition and better control over environmental conditions. This approach minimises the risk of unforeseen challenges when moving to larger fruiting chambers.
• Learning from Experience: Experienced growers emphasise learning from previous attempts and being open to experimentation. Keeping detailed records of cultivation practices and outcomes can provide valuable insights for continuous improvement.
• Adapting to Environmental Factors: Understanding the influence of environmental factors on mushroom growth allows growers to adjust their cultivation practices accordingly. This includes adapting to seasonal changes, light exposure, and temperature variations.
• Maintaining Patience: Cultivating mushrooms with an SGFC requires patience, as the growth process can take several weeks. Experienced growers stress the importance of patience and not rushing the process, as mushrooms have their timeline for development.
• Understanding Mushroom Behavior: Learning about the life cycle and behaviour of the specific mushroom species you are growing can help you anticipate growth patterns, enabling better timing for harvesting and ensuring optimal conditions at each stage.
• Sharing Knowledge: Successful growers often participate in online forums, mushroom cultivation groups, and workshops, where they share their experiences and learn from others. Engaging in these communities provides valuable support and insights for improving cultivation practices.

Pros and Cons of an SGFC

The Shotgun Fruiting Chamber (SGFC) is a popular and effective method for growing mushrooms, particularly for beginners. Like any cultivation technique, it has advantages (pros) and limitations (cons). Here’s a summary of the pros and cons of an SGFC:

Pros:

• Ease of Construction: Building an SGFC is straightforward and doesn’t require complex equipment or costly materials. It is relatively easy to assemble, making it accessible to novice mushroom cultivators.
• Low Cost: SGFCs are budget-friendly since they can be constructed using common, inexpensive materials like plastic storage tubs and ventilation components.
• Proven Effectiveness: The SGFC has a long history of successful use in mushroom cultivation. Many growers have achieved excellent results, particularly with species like Psilocybe cubensis.
• Passive Humidification: SGFCs rely on passive humidification through misting and fanning, reducing the need for expensive humidifiers or automated systems.
• Suitable for Multiple Species: While popularly used for Psilocybe cubensis, the SGFC is also adaptable for growing various gourmet and medicinal mushroom species.
• Low Maintenance: Once set up, the SGFC requires relatively low maintenance. Regular misting and fanning are the primary tasks for maintaining a healthy environment.
• Good Air Circulation: The design of an SGFC promotes proper air exchange, which helps prevent CO2 buildup and ensures adequate oxygen for mushroom growth.

Cons:

• Limited Control: The SGFC is a passive system, which means growers have limited control over environmental factors like humidity and temperature. This may hinder optimal conditions for certain delicate or sensitive mushroom species.
• Frequent Fanning and Misting: Regular fanning and misting can be demanding, particularly for growers with busy schedules or those looking for more automated cultivation methods.
• CO2 Management: Unlike controlled environments, SGFCs do not have a dedicated CO2 management system. While CO2 buildup is not usually a major issue for mushroom growth, it may be less optimal for some species.
• Small Scale: SGFCs are best suited for small-scale mushroom cultivation. More sophisticated setups may be necessary for commercial or larger-scale operations.
• Space Requirements: The design of an SGFC might need to be more efficient for growers with limited space or those aiming to maximise production in small areas.
• Limited Climate Adaptation: SGFCs may have difficulty maintaining ideal conditions in extreme climates, such as extremely hot or cold environments.

FAQ

Q1: Can I use any plastic storage tub?

A: While any plastic storage tub can be used, a clear rather than a translucent one is preferred as it allows you to monitor mushroom growth without opening the lid frequently and allows for adequate light during fruiting.

Q2: What are the best mushroom species for beginners to grow in an SGFC?

A: Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) are an excellent choice for beginners due to their ease of cultivation and wide adaptability to temperature variability.

Q3: Can I keep the SGFC outside?

A: Keeping the fruiting chamber outside is generally not recommended, as outdoor conditions are harder to control and may lead to contamination or temperature fluctuations. However, using an SFGC in a covered outdoor environment like a deck or carport is possible when using a hardy species like Oyster mushrooms.

Q4: How often should I mist my SGFC?

A: The misting frequency depends on the chamber’s humidity levels. Check the hygrometer regularly and mist as needed to maintain the desired humidity (around 90%). As a rule of thumb, aim to mist and fan 2–3 times daily.

Q5: Can I reuse the substrate for another fruiting cycle?

A: Reusing substrate is possible, but letting the mycelium rest is essential between cycles.

Next Steps

After using a Shotgun Fruiting Chamber (SGFC) and achieving successful yields, you should explore more advanced cultivation techniques to increase your mushroom production. Here are some options to consider for higher yields beyond the SGFC:

• Monotub Cultivation: Transitioning to monotub cultivation can significantly boost your mushroom yields. Monotubs are larger containers filled with pasteurised substrate, providing ample space for mushroom fruiting. This method is suitable for bulk growing and can lead to substantial harvests.
• Bulk Substrate Techniques: Bulk substrate techniques, such as the “bucket tek” or “damion5050,” allow you to prepare and pasteurise large batches of substrate. Using bulk substrates can support the growth of more mushrooms and lead to increased yields.
• Spawn-to-Bulk: Instead of using jars or smaller containers, consider directly spawning colonised grain spawn to a larger bulk substrate. This method eliminates the need for additional colonisation steps and encourages faster and more extensive mushroom growth.
• Tub Stacking: Stacking multiple SGFCs or monotubs can create a space-efficient setup for higher yields. Each tub can have its own colonisation and fruiting stages, allowing you to stagger the mushroom harvests.
• Outdoor Cultivation: Expanding your cultivation to outdoor environments can provide more room for larger fruiting areas and potentially higher yields, especially when growing in garden beds or raised mushroom patches.
• Climate-Controlled Growing: Investing in a climate-controlled indoor grow room or greenhouse can precisely control temperature, humidity, and lighting. This level of control optimises mushroom growth conditions, leading to consistent and enhanced yields.
• Advanced Substrate Formulations: Experiment with more advanced substrate formulations, such as supplemented substrates or specialised nutrient blends. These substrates can provide additional nutrients to the mycelium, leading to better yields.
• Grow Tent Mushroom Cultivation: Hydroponic grow tents can offer a unique approach to mushroom cultivation, providing a controlled and sterile environment that may lead to increased yields and faster growth.
• Continuous Cultivation: Implementing a continuous cultivation system allows you to maintain a constant supply of fresh mushrooms by consistently starting new batches as others are harvested. This method ensures a steady flow of mushrooms over time.
• Commercial Grow Setup: If you are considering commercial mushroom production, a well-designed and efficiently managed grow setup can lead to higher yields. Research and invest in commercial-scale equipment and techniques for optimal results.

Always remember to conduct thorough research and be prepared to adapt your cultivation practices as you explore these advanced techniques. Each option has challenges and requirements, so experimentation and continuous learning are essential for achieving higher yields and success in mushroom cultivation.

Final Thoughts

By now, you have all the knowledge and step-by-step instructions needed to create an efficient and cost-effective fruiting chamber. Successful mushroom cultivation requires patience, attentiveness, and a commitment to maintaining a clean and optimal environment. With your newfound expertise, you’re well on your way to growing healthy and abundant mushrooms, whether for culinary delights, medicinal purposes, or psychedelic exploration.

Get started on your SGFC journey and enjoy the satisfaction of harvesting your very own homegrown mushrooms. Share your experiences in the comments section below.